Tratamiento agudo de la migraña durante el embarazo / Acute treatment of migraine during pregnancy

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN La migraña es una condición médica prevalente y altamente discapacitante. Por lo general, durante el embarazo hay una reducción de los síntomas migrañosos, sin embargo, en ocasiones la sintomatología puede no mostrar mejoría, y en algunos casos empeorar. Por tanto, es necesario que el médico del servicio de urgencias realice un correcto diagnóstico de esta enfermedad, que descarte otros tipos de cefaleas y brinde el mejor y el más seguro tratamiento analgésico de acuerdo con la edad gestacional y perfil clínico de cada paciente. En esta revisión se abordará la relación entre la migraña y el embarazo, el papel de los estrógenos en la génesis de la migraña, así como también los datos más actuales en cuanto al tratamiento del manejo agudo de esta patología durante la gestación. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura mundial sobre la relación entre la migraña y el embarazo y el manejo agudo en esta población, obteniéndose un total de 83 referencia bibliográficas. RESULTADOS: Como manejo inicial, se recomienda el uso de Acetaminofén más metoclopramida en cualquier etapa de la gestación. El uso de AINE debe evitarse a partir de la semana 20 de gestación. El Sumatriptán puede ser utilizado como segunda línea en cualquier trimestre. A todas las pacientes se les debe brindar manejo no farmacológico. CONCLUSIONES: Actualmente se cuenta con varios medicamentos y procedimientos seguros para el manejo agudo de la migraña en gestantes, sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta la edad gestacional ante su administración.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Migraine is a prevalent and highly disabling condition. Usually during pregnancy there is relief of symptoms, however, sometimes headache cannot improve, and some cases may get worse. Therefore, it is necessary for physicians who work at the emergency department perform a correct diagnosis of this pathology, rule-out other types of headaches and give the best and safest treatment according to gestational age and clinical profile of each patient. This review will address the relationship between migraine and pregnancy, the role of estrogens in the genesis of migraine. Updated information with respect to acute treatment of migraine during this period will be discussed. METHODS: A systematic review of the world literature on the relationship between migraine and pregnancy and acute management in this population was carried out, obtaining a total of 83 bibliographic references. RESULTS: As an initial management, the use of acetaminophen plus metoclopramide is recommended at any stage of pregnancy. The use of NSAIDs should be avoided from week 20 of gestation. Sumatriptan can be used as a second line in any trimester. Non-pharmacological management should be provided to all patients. CONCLUSIONS: There are currently safe drugs and procedures for the acute management of migraine in pregnant women, however, gestational age should be taken into account before administering them.

Frecuencia de migraña y discapacidad generada en estudiantes de medicina humana de una universidad privada en Lima, Perú / Frequency of migraine and disability generated in medical students at a private university in Lima Peru

Objetivo : Estimar la frecuencia de migraña, y discapacidad generada en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana. Métodos : Estudio transversal en una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia, mediante la aplicación online del autocuestionario ALCOI-95, para evaluar la presencia de migraña, seguido por el cuestionario MIDAS para medir la discapacidad en los positivos al primer cuestionario. El rendimiento académico fue evaluado mediante el promedio ponderado de sus calificaciones. Resultados : Cuarenticinco (21,6%) de 208 estudiantes experimentaron migraña (12,5% con aura y 9,1% sin aura), 14 (33,3%) de los cuales mostraron discapacidad severa y 12 (28,6%) moderada. Los portadores de migraña con aura tuvieron una media menor del promedio ponderado acumulado de sus calificaciones, comparado con aquellos con migraña sin aura. Los factores independientemente asociados a la migraña fueron tener un miembro de la familia nuclear con migraña y problemas para mantener el sueño. Conclusión : Dos de cada 10 estudiantes presentaron migraña y 1/3 de los afectados experimentó discapacidad severa.

SUMMARY Objective: To estimate the frequency of migraine, associated factors and disability generated (including its relationship with academic performance) in medical students at a private university in Metropolitan Lima. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a non-probabilistic convenience sample using the online application of the ALCOI-95 self-questionnaire, to assess the presence of migraine, followed by the MIDAS questionnaire to measure disability in those positive to the first questionnaire. . Results: Fourty-five (21.6%) of 208 students experienced migraine (12.5% with aura and 9.1% without aura), 14 (33.3%) of whom showed severe, and 12 (28.6%) moderate disability. Migraine with aura carriers had a lower mean than the cumulative weighted average of their academic scores. Independent factors associated with migraine were to have a nuclear family member with migraine, and sleep-maintenance problems. Conclusion: Two out of 10 students had migraine, and one third of them had severe disability.

Predictores de respuesta terapéutica del estado migrañoso en una sala de infusión / Predictors of response in status migrainosus in an outpatient infusion center

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El estado migrañoso es una complicación de la migraña, los pacientes a menudo son hospitalizados para estudios diagnósticos o tratamiento. Una alternativa para el manejo son las salas de infusión, lo que permite minimizar los ingresos hospitalarios y la realización de exámenes innecesarios. OBJETIVO: Determinar la respuesta terapéutica y los factores asociados con esta en pacientes con estado migrañoso tratados en una sala de infusión. METODOLOGÍA: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva cuya población fueron pacientes con estado migrañoso atendidos en sala de infusión entre febrero y agosto del 2019. La información sobre variables sociodemográficas, variable clínicas y el manejo terapéutico se obtuvo a partir de la revisión de historias clínicas. Se evaluó la respuesta con escala análoga del dolor al inicio y al final del tratamiento; los pacientes con mejoría mayor al 50 % se consideraron respondedores. Se evaluaron los factores predictores de la respuesta terapéutica mediante regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 124 pacientes, con promedio de edad de 36 (DE = 12) años, de los cuales el 82,3 % fueron mujeres. La duración promedio del estado migrañoso fue 8 (DE = 4) días, el 73,4 % de los casos se presentó sin aura y 97 (78,2 %) fueron respondedores. Los factores predictores de buena respuesta fueron el uso de dexametasona (OR 4,3) y no usar lidocaína (OR 6,0). CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de los pacientes tuvo buena respuesta, lo que sugiere que las salas de infusión constituyen una buena alternativa al manejo intrahospitalario de la migraña. En nuestra experiencia, el esteroide constituye parte fundamental del manejo del estado migrañoso una vez se ha instaurado.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Status migrainosus is a complication of migraine, patients are often hospitalized for diagnostic studies and/or treatment. An alternative for the management, are the outpatient infusion center, minimizing hospital admissions and unnecessary examinations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic response and associated factors in patients with migraine status treated in an infusion room. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective cohort study whose population was migraine patients attended in an infusion room between February and August 2019. Information on sociodemographic, clinical, and therapeutic management variables was obtained from the review of medical records. The response was evaluated with an analogous pain scale at the beginning and at the end of the treatment; Those patients with improvement greater than 50 % were considered responders. Predictive factors of therapeutic response were evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS: 124 patients were included, with an average age of 36 (SD = 12 years), 82.3 % were women. The average duration of the migraine state was 8 (SD = 4 days), 73.4 % of the cases were without aura and 97 (78.2 %) were responders. The predictors of good response were the use of dexamethasone (OR: 4.3) and not using lidocaine (OR: 6.0). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients had a good response, which identified the outpatient infusion center as a good alternative to inpatient treatment of headache. In our experience, the steroid constitutes a fundamental part of the management of the status migrainosus once it has been established.

Functional connectivity changes during migraine treatment with electroacupuncture at Shuaigu (GB8) / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the changes in the functional connectivity (FC) in the right insula between migraine without aura (MWoA) and healthy controls by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and to observe the instant alteration of FC in MWoA during electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at Shuaigu (GB8).@*METHODS@#A total of 30 patients with MWoA (PM group) and 30 healthy controls (HC group) underwent rs-fMRI scans. The PM group underwent a second rs-fMRI scan while receiving EA at GB8. The right insula subregions, including the ventral anterior insula (vAI), dorsal anterior insula (dAI) and posterior insula (PI), were selected as the seed points for FC analysis.@*RESULTS@#Aberrant FC, including dAI with right postcentral gyrus, PI with left precuneus, was found among PM before EA (PMa), PM during EA (PMb) and HC. Meanwhile, decreased FC between dAI and the right postcentral gyrus was found in the PMa compared to the HC and PMb. Increased FC between the PI and left precuneus was found in the PMa compared to the HC and PMb. Correlation analysis showed that the FC value of the right postcentral gyrus in PMa was negatively correlated with the scores of Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. The FC value of the left precuneus in PMa was positively correlated with the visual analogue scale score.@*CONCLUSION@#The alteration of FC between the right insula subregions and multiple brain regions may be an important index for MWoA. EA at GB8 was able to adjust the FC between the right insula subregions and parietal lobe, namely, the right dAI and right postcentral gyrus, and the right PI and left precuneus, thereby rendering an instant effect in the management of MWoA.

Frecuencia y severidad de los síntomas en pacientes con Fibromialgia y Migraña / Frequency and severity of symptoms in patients with Fibromyalgia and Migraine

Objetivos: Estimar la frecuencia de migraña en pacientes con fibromialgia (FM). Describir y comparar características clínicas, socio demográficas y severidad de los síntomas de FM, según presencia o ausencia de migraña. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico, observacional, transversal. Incluyó pacientes mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos con diagnóstico de FM según criterios ACR 2010 de un centro reumatológico público de Argentina entre enero de 2019 y marzo de 2020. Pacientes con otras enfermedades reumatológicas concomitantes fueron excluidos. Se utilizó criterios IHS (International Headache Society) para diagnóstico de migraña, FIQ (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire) para evaluar severidad de los síntomas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 59 pacientes, 99% eran mujeres. El 40.68% de los pacientes presentaba migraña. En los pacientes con migraña, la mediana de puntaje del FIQ fue 70.35 (RIC: 63.16-78.76) vs 53.91 (RIC: 37.93-66.05) en el grupo sin migraña, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.01). El análisis multivariado mostró al mayor puntaje del FIQ y de ansiedad, asociados de forma significativa e independiente con migraña (OR 1.048, IC 95%1.005-1.093); OR 1.189, IC 95%1.033-1.368, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La migraña es frecuente en pacientes con FM, y la severidad de los síntomas y la ansiedad serían más pronunciados en este grupo de pacientes.

Objectives: To estimate the frequency of migraine in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). Describe and compare clinical characteristics, sociodemographic and severity of FM symptoms, according to presence or absence of migraine. Materials and methods: Analytical, observational, cross-sectional study. It included patients over 18 years of age, of both sexes with a diagnosis of FM according to ACR 2010 criteria from a public rheumatology center in Argentina between January 2019 and March 2020. Patients with other concomitant rheumatological diseases were excluded. We used IHS (International Headache Society) criteria for the diagnosis of migraine, FIQ (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire) were used to assess severity of symptoms. Results: 59 patients were included, 99% were women. 40.68% of the patients had migraine. In patients with migraine, the median FIQ score was 70.35 (IQR: 63.16-78.76) vs 53.91 (IQR: 37.93-66.05) in the group without migraine, this difference being statistically significant (p <0.01). The multivariate analysis showed a higher FIQ and anxiety score, significantly and independently associated with migraine (OR 1.048, 95% CI 1.005-1.093); OR 1,189, 95% CI 1,033-1,368, respectively). Conclusions: Migraine is frequent in patients with FM, and the severity of symptoms and anxiety would be more pronounced in this group of patients.

La llegada de los inhibidores biológicos para la prevención de la migraña / The arrival of biological inhibitors for preventing migraine

En noviembre de 2019, se aprobaron para su financiación, en el Sistema Nacional de Salud, dos nuevos anticuerpos monoclonales para la prevención de la migraña crónica y episódica: el erenumab y el galcanezumab.1 La migraña es una de las enfermedades neurológicas más frecuentes, que produce discapacidad y reducción de la calidad de vida de quien la padece. Actualmente, el tratamiento estándar para su prevención se basa en medicamentos orales (betabloqueantes, topiramato, entre otros), que en su momento fueron desarrollados específicamente para el tratamiento de otras enfermedades (la depresión, la hipertensión y la epilepsia) los cuales pese a ser eficaces, no lo son para una gran proporción de quienes padece migraña. Esto, sumado a los efectos adversos que muchas veces presentan, provoca que haya una baja adherencia al tratamiento.1,2 Por ello, y gracias a nuevas investigaciones centradas en la fisiopatología de la migraña, se ha descubierto que el péptido relacionado con el gen de la calcitonina (CGRP, por sus siglas en inglés) tiene una función clave en su etiopatogenia. El CGRP, así como su receptor, se expresan tanto a nivel periférico como central, incluyendo la vía trigeminovascular. Durante los episodios de migraña, los niveles de CGRP se encuentran elevados, debido a que estos péptidos son liberados desde las terminaciones nerviosas del trigémino, produciendo vasodilatación de los vasos cerebrales y meníngeos con importante modulación neuronal del dolor. Además, el CGRP también es un potente vasodilatador arterial sistémico.3 Tras el descubrimiento de la importancia de este péptido se empezaron a desarrollar los llamados -gepants, antagonistas de CGRP de molécula pequeña, de administración oral. En un principio parecían cumplir con las expectativas de eficacia, pero empezaron a surgir problemas de hepatotoxicidad y se vieron obligados a interrumpir su desarrollo. Tras muchos años con la investigación y los ensayos clínicos en parada indefinida, actualmente se ha conseguido que las moléculas Rimegepant y Atogepant no muestren dicha hepatotoxicidad y se encuentran en fase 3 de ensayo clínico.4 Posteriormente, se desarrollaron los anti-CGRP, anticuerpos monoclonales dirigidos contra CGRP (galcanezumab, fremanezumab) o contra su receptor (erenumab).5 Erenumab ha demostrado una reducción de 50 por ciento o más del número de días migrañosos al mes en 50 por ciento de pacientes, que recibieron dosis de 140 mg, en comparación con 26,6 por ciento de pacientes del grupo placebo. Galcanezumab, por su parte, ha objetivado una reducción de 50 por ciento o más de días migrañosos en 62,3 por ciento de pacientes, frente al 38,6 por ciento de pacientes del grupo placebo. Como consecuencia, también se ha objetivado una menor necesidad de uso agudo de medicamentos.6,7 En cuanto a la tolerancia y la seguridad, se ha visto que son fármacos seguros, cuyos efectos adversos más frecuentes son los efectos locales, en el lugar de inyección del fármaco (prurito, eritema, dolor), siendo estos leves. También se ha visto que pueden producir nasofaringitis, infecciones de vías respiratorias altas y sinusitis. La frecuencia de estos efectos adversos es similar a la que se produce en el grupo placebo e inferior a la de los tratamientos preventivos convencionales. Además, estos anticuerpos monoclonales no presentan interacciones farmacológicas o hepatotoxicidad y, a diferencia de la mayoría de los anticuerpos, no suprimen la función inmune. Otro dato muy importante que se ha visto reflejado en los resultados es que, para la gran mayoría de los consumidores, el fármaco no produce taquifilaxia. No obstante, dichos efectos adversos pueden surgir con el tiempo y con el uso, debido a que disponemos de una experiencia limitada con estos fármacos y, por tanto, habrá que mantener una vigilancia activa.8 Asimismo, debido a que el CGRP es un vasodilatador arterial y se ve inhibido por los anti-CGRP, se podría ver afectado el sistema cardiovascular, provocando hipertensión arterial. Esto podría aumentar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, aunque se ha informado que estos fármacos no son vasoconstrictores per se. Para observar y notificar esta posible variable, se está desarrollando un estudio de 5 años de duración, durante los cuales se cuantificará este riesgo cardiovascular y se observará si aumenta con el tratamiento a largo plazo con Erenumab. Con Galcanezumab no se ha realizado ningún estudio de esta índole, si bien sí se han realizado este tipo de estudios a menor escala y con menor duración, sin que se hayan notificado problemas cardiovasculares. Este posible efecto adverso deberá ser estudiado con mayor profundidad en el futuro.9 Estos anticuerpos monoclonales están indicados tanto en la migraña episódica como en la crónica, si hay fracaso de 3 o más tratamientos preventivos. Este tratamiento tendrá impacto en la mejora de la calidad de vida de aquella población refractaria y que no dispone de más opciones. Sobre todo, en los pacientes con migraña episódica de alta frecuencia, los cuales, en caso de fracaso del tratamiento preventivo, no pueden beneficiarse de la toxina botulínica, como así lo hacen los que padecen de migraña crónica.10,11 Ambos fármacos (galcanezumab y erenumab) se administran por vía subcutánea; de esta forma, aumenta la adherencia al tratamiento al ser administrada de forma mensual, estos anticuerpos tienen una vida media larga. También aumenta la adherencia al tratamiento el hecho de que haya una rápida respuesta a la terapia. En caso de pacientes que no respondan al tratamiento, si no se observa una reducción de la frecuencia y la gravedad de los síntomas entre 1 a 3 meses tras el inicio, la terapia debe suspenderse.12 El desarrollo de estos nuevos fármacos supone un antes y un después en el tratamiento de la migraña, se trata de los primeros fármacos que fijan la diana terapéutica en una de las claves de la fisiopatología de esta enfermedad. Debido a ello, existe una eficacia científicamente demostrada superior a la del tratamiento convencional. No obstante, como problema, tenemos el elevado precio de costo de los medicamentos, que supone el principal impedimento en su indicación como primera o segunda línea de prevención, debiendo cumplir con los criterios anteriormente descritos.13 Con la llegada de los inhibidores del CGRP se abren las puertas a continuar la investigación y comprensión de la fisiopatología de la migraña que, en parte, aún es desconocida para, si cabe, mejorar aún más la vida de cientos de millones de personas en el mundo que padecen esta incapacitante enfermedad(AU)

Estudio de la epidemiología neurológica en Colombia a partir de información administrativa (ESENCIA). Resultados preliminares 2015-2017 / Neuroepidemiologic study in Colombia based on administrative data (ESENCIA). Preliminary results 2015-2017

Resumen Introducción: Con la transición demográfica y epidemiológica, se espera que la prevalência de las patologías neurológicas aumente. En particular, Colombia no dispone de indicadores actualizados sobre la frecuencia de dichas enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de 10 patologías neurológicas de relevancia (migraña, epilepsia, enfermedad de Alzheimer, ataque cerebrovascular isquémico y hemorrágico, enfermedad de Parkinson, esclerosis múltiple, miastenia gravis, meningitis, síndrome de Guillain-Barré y enfermedad de motoneurona) en pacientes con edad ≥15 años entre 2015-2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal a partir de fuentes administrativas, con base en los Registro Individuales de Prestación de Servicios (RIPS), consolidados por el Ministerio de Salud. Se analizaron las características sociodemográficas disponibles (sexo, grupo etario, régimen de salud, procedencia, etc.) y se ajustaron las prevalencias obtenidas según las distribuciones de la población mundial y nacional. Resultados: Para el 2017, las prevalencias ajustadas a la distribución etaria mundial, por 100 000 habitantes, fueron: migraña 2170 (IC95 °% 2164-2176); epilepsia 586 (IC95 °% 583-589); enfermedad de Alzheimer 387 (IC95 °% 384-389); ataque cerebrovascular 263 (IC95 % 260-265), específicamente, isquémico 136 (IC95 % 134-137) y hemorrágico 96 (IC95 % 95-98); enfermedad de Parkinson 91 (IC95 % 90-93), esclerosis múltiple 19 (IC95 % 18-19); miastenia gravis 11 (IC95% 11-11); meningitis 10 (IC95 % 9-10); síndrome de Guillain-Barré 9 (IC95 % 8-9); y enfermedad de motoneurona 6 (IC95 °% 5-6). La mediana de variación 2015-2017 fue del 19,38 °%. Conclusión: Las patologías más prevalentes a nivel nacional, en orden de frecuencia, fueron migraña, epilepsia y enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract Introduction: With the demographic and epidemiological transition, the prevalence of neurological pathologies is expected to increase. In particular, Colombia does not have updated indicators regarding the frequency of these diseases. Objective: To determine the prevalence of ten relevant neurological pathologies (migraine, epilepsy, Alzheimer>s disease, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, Parkinson>s disease, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, meningitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome and motor neuron disease) in patients aged ≥15 years between 2015-2017. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study of administrative sources, based on the Individual Service Provision Registries (RIPS) consolidated by the Ministry of Health. The available socio- demographic characteristics (sex, age group, health regime, origin, etc.) were analyzed, and the obtained prevalences were adjusted according to the distributions of the world and national population. Results: For 2017, the prevalences adjusted to the world age distribution, per 100,000 inhabitants, were: migraine 2170 (95%CI 2164-2176); epilepsy 586 (95%CI 583-589); Alzheimer>s disease 387 (95%CI 384-389); stroke 263 (95%CI 260-265), specifically, ischemic 136 (95%CI 134137) and hemorrhagic (95%CI 95-98); Parkinson's disease 91 (95%CI 90-93), multiple sclerosis 19 (95%CI 1819); myasthenia gravis 11 (95%CI 11-11); meningitis 10 (95%CI 9-10); Guillain-Barre syndrome 9 (95%CI 8-9); and motor neuron disease 6 (95%CI 5-6). The 2015-2017 median variation was 19.38%. Conclusion: The most prevalent pathologies nationwide, in order of frequency, were migraine, epilepsy, and Alzheimer>s disease.

Clinical observation on horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for migraine without aura in acute stage / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the therapeutic effect of horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets, simple horizontal penetration needling and simple rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for migraine without aura in acute stage.@*METHODS@#A total of 99 patients with migraine without aura in acute stage were randomized into an acupuncture plus medication group, an acupuncture group and a western medication group, 33 cases in each one. In the acupuncture group, horizontal penetration needling was applied once at Hanyan (GB 4) to Xuanli(GB 6), Shenting (GV 24) to Yintang (GV 29), Baihui (GV 20) to Qianding (GV 21), etc. for 2 h. In the western medication group, oral rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for 10 mg were given once. In the acupuncture plus medication group, treatment of acupuncture combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets were given, the application was the same as the acupuncture group and the western medication group. Before treatment and 0.5, 2, 24 h after treatment, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was observed, the remission rate and the disappearance rate of migraine of 2, 24 h after treatment were compared in the 3 groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the VAS scores of each time point after treatment were decreased in the 3 groups (@*CONCLUSION@#Horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets have significant therapeutic effect on rapid analgesia and continuous analgesia for migraine without aura in acute stage, its effect is superior to simple horizontal penetration needling and simple rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets.

Effect and Safety of Penetrating Moxibustion in Treatment of Migraine without Aura: A Randomized Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect of penetrating moxibustion on migraine without aura (MO) patients.@*METHODS@#Totally 60 MO patients from the Acupuncture Clinic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine were collected from November 2015 to February 2017. All patients were assigned to a treatment group and a control group using a random number table, 30 cases in each group. The treatment group was treated with penetrating moxibustion, and the control group was treated with mild moxibustion, thrice a week for 4 consecutive weeks. The total effective rate, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores, headache intensity, and Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ) scores of patients after treatment were compared between the two groups. The moxibustion sensation and reaction after moxibustion were observed, and the adverse reactions were evaluated. All patients were followed up at 4 and 16 weeks after treatment.@*RESULTS@#The total effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (93.33% vs. 80.00%, P0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Penetrating moxibustion can significantly relieve pain and improve quality of life of MO patients. After penetrating moxibustion, flushing and sweating of patients were obvious, and the curative effect was superior to the mild moxibustion.

Trastorno paroxístico no epiléptico en paciente referido por sospecha de epilepsia / Paroxysmal non-epileptic events in patients referred for suspicion of epilepsy

Los Trastornos Paroxísticos No Epilépticos (TPNE), son diagnóstico diferencial de crisis epilépticas. En Chile no existen reportes de frecuencia. OBJETIVO: Determinar frecuencia de TPNE en pacientes derivados por sospecha de epilepsia a Unidad de Electroencefalografía, Hospital Roberto del Río. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional, transversal. Se revisó registros clínicos de pacientes derivados por sospecha de epilepsia(2012- 2014). Inclusión: paciente con TPNE, >1 mes, sin epilepsia previa. Caracterización: sexo, edad, tipo/subtipo TPNE, comorbilidades, electroencefalograma (EEG), uso fármaco antiepiléptico (FAE). Aprobado por comité de ética. RESULTADOS: Derivados 913 pacientes por sospecha de epilepsia. 36% TPNE (2,3% con epilepsia concomitante), 22% epilepsia aislada. TPNE más frecuente: escolares (31%), adolescentes (29%), femenino (52%). 30,1% hipoxia cerebral (síncope, Espasmo Sollozo); 22,4% trastornos del comportamiento (Descontrol Episódico, Crisis Psicógena no Epiléptica). 32,8% con comorbilidades no epilépticas (Trastornos psiquiátricos/neurodesarrollo). 4,3 % recibieron FAE. CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia de TPNE en niños/adolescentes supera a la de epilepsia. Es fundamental evaluación multidisciplinaria.

Paroxysmal non-epileptic events (PNE) are differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures. In Chile, there are no reports on its frequency. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of PNE in patients referred for suspicion of epilepsy to the Electroencephalography Unit of Roberto del Río Hospital. METHODOLOGY: Observational, cross-sectional study. Clinical records of patients referred for suspicion of epilepsy (2012-2014) were reviewed. Inclusion: Patient with PNE, >1 month, without previous epilepsy. Characterization: gender, age, PNE type/subtype, comorbidities, electroencephalogram, use of antiepileptic drug (AED). Approved by the ethics committee. RESULTS: 913 patients were referred for suspected epilepsy: 36% PNE (2,3% with concomitant epilepsy), 22% isolated epilepsy. PNE were more frequent in children (31%) adolescents (29%), and in females (52%). 30.1% Cerebral hypoxia (syncope, breathholding-spells); 22,4% Behavioral disorders (Episodic loss of control, Non-Epileptic Psychogenic Seizures). 32.8% non-epileptic comorbidities (Psychiatric/ neurodevelopmental disorders). 4.3% received AEDs. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of PNE in children and adolescents exceeds that of epilepsy. A multidisciplinary medical evaluation is of the outmost importance. Keywords: Paroxysmal Non-Epileptic Disorder, Non-epileptic episodes, Epilepsy.

Difference in Mean Platelet Volume between Migraine Patients with and without Aura

BACKGROUND: Mean platelet volume (MPV) increases when platelets are activated, and it is known to increase in migraine patients. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a difference in MPV or platelet count between migraine patients with (MA) and without aura (MO).METHODS: Migraine patients were recruited from the out-patient department of a hospital between January 2012 and June 2017. Patients were divided into MA and MO groups. Platelet count and MPV were compared between groups, and the frequency of comorbidities such as ischemic stroke and cardiovascular disease, was investigated in both groups.RESULTS: Of the 123 patients, 46 were classified as MA, and 77 were classified as MO. The MPV of the MA group was significantly higher than that of the MO group (8.92±0.17 fL, 6.32±0.28 fL, respectively) (P=0.034). However, platelet count showed no significant difference between groups. Cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke incidences were significantly higher in the MA group than in the MO group (ischemic stroke: 15.2%, 7.8%, respectively, P=0.027; cardiovascular disease: 10.9%, 6.5%, respectively, P=0.018).CONCLUSION: Mean platelet volume was significantly greater in the MA group than in the MO group. This may be related to the pathophysiological differences between the two conditions.

Differences in Characteristics and Comorbidity of Cluster Headache According to the Presence of Migraine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cluster headache (CH) can present with migrainous symptoms such as nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. In addition, an overlap between CH and migraine has been reported. This study aimed to determine the differences in the characteristics of CH according to the presence of comorbid migraine. METHODS: This study was performed using data from a prospective multicenter registry study of CH involving 16 headache clinics. CH and migraine were diagnosed by headache specialists at each hospital based on third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). We interviewed patients with comorbid migraine to obtain detailed information about migraine. The characteristics and psychological comorbidities of CH were compared between patients with and without comorbid migraine. RESULTS: Thirty (15.6%) of 192 patients with CH had comorbid migraine, comprising 18 with migraine without aura, 1 with migraine with aura, 3 with chronic migraine, and 8 with probable migraine. Compared to patients with CH without migraine, patients with CH with comorbid migraine had a shorter duration of CH after the first episode [5.4±7.4 vs. 9.0±8.2 years (mean±standard deviation), p=0.008], a lower frequency of episodic CH (50.0% vs. 73.5%, p=0.010), and a higher frequency of chronic CH (13.3% vs. 3.7%, p=0.033). Psychiatric comorbidities did not differ between patients with and without comorbid migraine. The headaches experienced by patients could be distinguished based on their trigeminal autonomic symptoms, pulsating character, severity, and pain location. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct characteristics of CH remained unchanged in patients with comorbid migraine with the exception of an increased frequency of chronic CH. The most appropriate management of CH requires clinicians to check the history of preceding migraine, particularly in cases of chronic CH.

Prevalencia de migraña y caracterización de una población estudiantil universitaria, Medellín, 2014 / Migraine prevalence and characterization of a representative subset of university students from Medellin, 2014 / Prevalência de enxaqueca e caracterização de uma população estudiantil universitária, medellín, 2014

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de migraña y las características epidemiológicas y clínicas en una población universitaria de Medellín, 2014. Metodología: estudio transversal descriptivo. Se encuestó una muestra de estudiantes mayores de 18 años, matriculados en las distintas escuelas de una institución privada, quienes dieron su consentimiento verbal para participar en el estudio. La encuesta fue diseñada teniendo en cuenta los criterios diagnósticos de migraña de la Sociedad Internacional de Cefalea (IHS) versión beta 2013, y otras variables de interés (sociodemográficas, comorbilidades, antecedentes familiares y tratamiento). Resultados: se encuestaron 650 estudiantes cuya mediana de edad fue 21 (rango intercuartílico: 19-23 años), 427 (65.7%) eran del sexo femenino. La prevalencia de migraña fue del 27.7%; en estos, los antecedentes personales más frecuentes fueron colon irritable (24.4%) y trastornos depresivos (8.9%); 103 (57.2%) tenían antecedente familiar de migraña y un 51% ya había sido diagnosticado por un médico. Los desencadenantes más comunes fueron períodos largos de ayuno (71.3%), períodos cortos de sueño (69.1%) y época de parciales (63.8%); 168 (93.3%) estudiantes refirieron el uso de analgésicos para lograr mejoría de la cefalea y solo 44.6% de estas medicinas fueron formuladas por un médico. Los medicamentos más usados para la prevención de las crisis fueron naproxeno (19.6%%) y propanolol (12.3%) y para el alivio del dolor fueron acetaminofén (70.8%) e ibuprofeno (44.4%). Conclusiones: se observó una prevalencia de migraña mayor a la reportada en población general y la presencia de factores tradicionalmente descritos con esta patología.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of migraine and the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a representative subset of university students from Medellin in 2014. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Data was collected from a private university student subset. All participants were over 18 (legal age in Colombia) and were enrolled in different university programs. They all verbally agreed to participate before submitting their personal data to the study. Data was collected using a survey developed by researchers and was based on the 2013 International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria (beta version) and other variables of interest to the study, such as sociodemographic data, comorbidities, family disease history, and treatment methods. Results: A total of 650 students completed and submitted the survey. The median age was 21 years (interquartile range: 19-23 years), and 427 students (65.7%) were female participants. Migraine prevalence was determined to be 27.7%. Among students who met migraine diagnostic criteria (n=180), irritable bowel syndrome (24.4%) and depressive disorders (8.9%) were the two most common conditions in their medical records. A total of 103 (57.2%) students had a family history of migraine, and only 51% of those who met migraine diagnostic criteria had already been diagnosed by a qualified physician. The most common migraine episode triggers identified included long periods of fasting (71.3%), sleep deprivation (69.1%), and university testing (63.8%). Of the participants, 168 (93.3%) expressed that they use analgesics to treat their migraine episodes, but only 44.6% were using analgesic therapy prescribed by a qualified physician. The most common medications used as a prophylactic approach were naproxen (19.6%) and propranolol (12,3%). The most common medications used as a therapeutic approach were acetaminophen (70.8%) and ibuprofen (44.4%). Conclusions: A greater migraine prevalence was observed than that which was reported in the general population and the presence of factors traditionally described with this pathology.

Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de enxaqueca e as características epidemiológicas e clínicas numa população universitária de Medellín, 2014. Metodologia: estudo transversal descritivo. Se entrevistou uma amostra de estudantes maiores de 18 anos, matriculados nas distintas escolas de uma instituição privada, quem deram seu consentimento verbal para participar no estudo. A enquete foi desenhada tendo em conta os critérios diagnósticos de enxaqueca da Sociedade Internacional de Cefalea (IHS) versão beta 2013, e outras variáveis de interesse (sócio-demográficas, comorbidades, antecedentes familiares e tratamento). Resultados: se entrevistaram 650 estudantes cuja a idade média foi de 21 anos (faixa interquartílico: 19-23 anos), 427 (65.7%) eram do sexo feminino. A prevalência de enxaqueca foi de 27.7%; nestes, os antecedentes pessoais mais frequentes foram cólon irritável (24.4%) e transtornos depressivos (8.9%); 103 (57.2%) tinham antecedente familiar de enxaqueca e um 51% já havia sido diagnosticado por um médico. Os desencadeantes mais comuns foram períodos longos de jejum (71.3%), períodos curtos de sono (69.1%) e época de provas (63.8%); 168 (93.3%) estudantes referiram o uso de analgésicos para conseguir melhoria da cefaleia e só 44.6% destas medicinas foram formuladas por um médico. Os medicamentos mais usados para a prevenção das crise foram naproxeno (19.6%%) e propanolol (12.3%) e para o alivio da dor foram acetaminofen (70.8%) e ibuprofeno (44.4%). Conclusoes: se observou uma prevalência de enxaqueca maior à reportada na população geral e a presença de fatores tradicionalmente descritos com esta patologia.

Acupuncture for migraine without aura: a systematic review and meta-analysis / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Migraine without aura (MWoA), the most common type of migraine, has great impacts on quality of life for migraineurs. Acupuncture is used in the treatment and prevention of migraine for its analgesic effects.</p><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to systematically assess the therapeutic and preventive effect of acupuncture treatment and its safety for MWoA.</p><p><b>SEARCH STRATEGY</b>Nine electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP (CQVIP), Wanfang Data and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR)) were systematically searched from their beginning through June 2017 using MeSH terms such as "acupuncture, acupuncture therapy, electro-acupuncture, ear acupuncture, acupuncture points, acupuncture analgesia," and "migraine disorders, cluster headache." Manual searching included other conference abstracts and reference lists.</p><p><b>INCLUSION CRITERIA</b>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a clinical diagnosis of MWoA, which were treated with acupuncture versus oral medication or sham acupuncture treatment.</p><p><b>DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS</b>Two evaluators screened and collected literature independently; they extracted information on participants, study design, interventions, follow-up, withdrawal and adverse events and assessed risk of bias and quality of the acupuncture intervention. The primary outcomes were frequency of migraine (FM) and number of migraine days (NM). Secondary outcomes included the visual analogue scale (VAS) score, effective rate (ER) and adverse events. Pooled estimates were calculated as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous data and relative risk (RR) with 95% CI for dichotomous data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Overall, 14 RCTs including 1155 participants were identified. The analysis found that acupuncture had a significant advantage over medication in reducing FM (MD = -1.50; 95% CI: -2.32 to -0.68; P < 0.001) and VAS score (MD = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.63-1.31; P < 0.00001) and had a higher ER (RR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.16-1.45; P < 0.00001). Acupuncture also had a significant advantage over sham acupuncture in the decrease of FM (MD = -1.05; 95% CI: -1.75 to -0.34; P = 0.004) and VAS score (MD = -1.19; 95% CI: -1.75 to -0.63; P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, acupuncture was more tolerated than medication because of less side effect reports (RR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.17-0.51; P < 0.0001). However, the quality of evidence in the included studies was mainly low (to very low), making confidence in the FM and VAS score results low.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our meta-analysis shows that the effectiveness of acupuncture is still uncertain, but it might be relatively safer than medication therapy in the treatment and prophylaxis of MWoA. Further proof is needed.</p>

The effectiveness and tolerability of oral acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine (AAC) combination regimen as an acute treatment for migraine in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized trials

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a highly common disorder that can cause significant disability on an individual, which collectively may lead to a substantial burden for the society. Various expert societies have recommended Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine (AAC) combination regimen as the first-line drug treatment for migraine attacks; however, there were no pooled evidences summarizing the effectiveness and tolerability of this regimen.OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness and tolerability assessment of oral AAC combination regimen as an acute treatment for migraine in adults.METHODS: Relevant studies from inception to March 2014 were searched in Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus and metaRegister of Controlled Trials. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for the assessment of risk of bias was employed. Trials that were randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo and active-controlled were included and the data were employed for meta-analysis. To evaluate the quality of evidence, the GRADE approach was utilized for outcomes with sufficient studies and data.RESULTS: From 225 records identified, 4 trials were included in this review, with a total of 3,608 participants with recorded baseline characteristics. Patient-reported migraine intensity was moderate-severe and the AAC dose used was at 500/500/130 mg. At 2 hours, AAC regimen was statistically different and found to be superior to placebo in terms of pain-free, headache relief, nausea-free, photophobia-free, phonophobia-free and functional disability reduction rates using intension-to-treat analysis. Missing data did not alter the outcome measures generating robust results. Sumatriptan 100 mg was found to be better than AAC in pain-free rate, and phonophobia-free rates at 2 hours. Statistically more patients in the AAC arm experienced "any adverse event" compared to placebo and complaints were commonly nausea and nervousness.CONCLUSION: For adult individuals with moderate-severe migraine, a fixed oral dose of Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine (AAC 500/500/130 mg) may be used as first-line therapy for the acute treatment of migraine and is only associated with mild, infrequent adverse events.

The effectiveness and tolerability of oral acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine (AAC) combination regimen as an acute treatment for migraine in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized trials

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Migraine is a highly common disorder that can cause significant disability on an individual, which collectively may lead to a substantial burden for the society. Various expert societies have recommended Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine (AAC) combination regimen as the first-line drug treatment for migraine attacks; however, there were no pooled evidences summarizing the effectiveness and tolerability of this regimen.<br /><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> To determine the effectiveness and tolerability assessment of oral AAC combination regimen as an acute treatment for migraine in adults.<br /><strong>METHODS:</strong> Relevant studies from inception to March 2014 were searched in Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus and metaRegister of Controlled Trials. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for the assessment of risk of bias was employed. Trials that were randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo and active-controlled were included and the data were employed for meta-analysis. To evaluate the quality of evidence, the GRADE approach was utilized for outcomes with sufficient studies and data.<br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> From 225 records identified, 4 trials were included in this review, with a total of 3,608 participants with recorded baseline characteristics. Patient-reported migraine intensity was moderate-severe and the AAC dose used was at 500/500/130 mg. At 2 hours, AAC regimen was statistically different and found to be superior to placebo in terms of pain-free, headache relief, nausea-free, photophobia-free, phonophobia-free and functional disability reduction rates using intension-to-treat analysis. Missing data did not alter the outcome measures generating robust results. Sumatriptan 100 mg was found to be better than AAC in pain-free rate, and phonophobia-free rates at 2 hours. Statistically more patients in the AAC arm experienced "any adverse event" compared to placebo and complaints were commonly nausea and nervousness.<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> For adult individuals with moderate-severe migraine, a fixed oral dose of Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine (AAC 500/500/130 mg) may be used as first-line therapy for the acute treatment of migraine and is only associated with mild, infrequent adverse events.</p>

Migraine Susceptibility Genes in Han Chinese of Fujian Province

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4379368, rs10504861, rs10915437, rs12134493 and rs13208321) were recently identified in a Western population with migraine. These migraine-associated SNPs have not been evaluated in a Han Chinese population. This study investigated the associations of specific SNPs with migraine in a Han population. METHODS: This was a case-control study of Han Chinese residing in Fujian Province. Polymerase chain reaction—restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing were used to characterize the relationships of SNPs in a control group of 200 subjects and in a migraine group of 201 patients. RESULTS: The frequencies of the five SNPs did not differ between patients with migraine and healthy non migraine controls. However, subgroup analysis indicated certain SNPs were more strongly associated with migraine with aura or migraine without aura than with controls. The CT genotype of rs4379368 was more common in migraine patients with aura (75%) than in migraine patients without aura (47.9%) and controls (48.5%) (p<0.05), and the TT genotype of rs10504861 was more common in migraine patients with aura than in controls (8.3% vs. 0.5%) (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the CC genotype of rs12134493 was less common in migraine patients without aura than in controls (80.6% vs. 88%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the rs4379368 and rs10504861 SNPs are markers for susceptibility to migraine with aura and that rs12134493 is a marker for the risk of migraine without aura in this Han population. Future studies should further explore if these associations vary by ethnicity.

Análise combinada de casos homeopáticos de alta qualidade / Combined analysis of high-quality homeopathic cases

Um protocolo para Relato de Casos Clínicos Homeopáticos de Alta Qualidade (RCCHAQ) foi desenvolvido por C.N. Cámpora, tendo coerência interna como critério principal, além de categorizar a documentação clínico-patológica que fundamenta o diagnóstico e a pretensão de sucesso terapêutico. A análise conjunta de 4 estudos, no presente trabalho, permitiu elucidar como RCCHAQs podem ser utilizados para avaliar os efeitos da homeopatia hahnemanniana clássica em doenças crônicas de longa evolução. Todos os casos foram tratados de acordo com o método desenvolvido por Cámpora, denominado Fórmula Homeopática de Diagnóstico do Simillimum (FHDS). A duração média das queixas antes d tratamento homeopático foi de 5,4 anos e os casos foram acompanhados por 3 anos em média. Os casos estão completamente documentados em vídeo, atestados assinados, registros de testemunhas, resultados laboratoriais e escalas de dor e qualidade de vida. Todas as pacientes relataram mudanças substanciais, definidas como cura (melhora de mais de 90%) dos sintomas locais, gerais e mentais acompanhando uma profunda transformação de sua atitude vital, descrita como uma sensação de paz, liberdade ou felicidade, segundo a definição do Banco de Relato e Estudo de Casos Homeopáticos de Argentina (BRECHA]. Em todos os casos a medicação convencional prévia foi suspensa num período de 1 a 3 meses. Os resultados mostram que RCCHAQs contribuem a tornar os relatos de cais um recurso confiável no contexto da moderna medicina baseada em evidências, assim como podem ajudar a melhorar o desenho de estudos homeopáticos prospectivos, incluindo ensaios clínicos placebo-controlados.

A High Quality Homeopathic Clinical Case Report (HHQCR) Protocol exhaustively including requisites to constitute a reliable documented clinical report was developed by C.N. Cámpora. The protocol requires measuring homeopathic internal coherence and categorizes clinicalpathological backing documentation. Through joint analysis of 4 cases the present study elucidates how HHQCRs can be used to assess the effects of classical Hahnemannian homeopathy on longstanding chronic diseases. The mean duration of complaints before homeopathic treatment was 5.4 years and the duration of follow up 3 years on average. Cases are fully documented with complete video-recordings of consultations, signed certifications, third party recorded statements, laboratory results and pre-post treatment pain and quality-of-life scales. All the patients reported substantial change, defined as cure (>90% improvement) of local, general and mental symptoms accompanying a deep transformation their life attitude described as a feeling of peace, freedom or happiness. Also all of them were able to discontinue previous conventional treatment within the first 1 to 3 months of homeopathic treatment. The results show that HHQCRs contributes to make case reports a reliable resource within the context of modern evidence-based medicine and might help improving the design of prospective homeopathic studies, including randomized placebo-controlled trials.

Acupuncture treatment modulates the resting-state functional connectivity of brain regions in migraine patients without aura / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the modulatory effect of acupuncture treatment on the resting-state functional connectivity of brain regions in migraine without aura (MWoA) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve MWoA patients were treated with standard acupuncture treatment for 4 weeks. All MWoA patients received resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning before and after acupuncture treatment. Another 12 normal subjects matched in age and gender were recruited to serve as healthy controls. The changes of restingstate functional connectivity in MWoA patients before and after the acupuncture treatment and those with the healthy controls were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Before acupuncture treatment, the MWoA patients had significantly decreased functional connectivity in certain brain regions within the frontal and temporal lobe when compared with the healthy controls. After acupuncture treatment, brain regions showing decreased functional connectivity revealed significant reduction in MWoA patients compared with before acupuncture treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Acupuncture treatment could increase the functional connectivity of brain regions in the intrinsic decreased brain networks in MWoA patients. The results provided further insights into the interpretation of neural mechanisms of acupuncture treatment for migraine.</p>